Review of the planthopper genus Neodurium Fennah, 1956 (Hemiptera,Fulgoromorpha, Issidae)

The planthopper genus Neodurium Fennah is reviewed and Neodurium fennahi Chang & Chen, sp. n. (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Issidae) from China (Yunnan), is described and illustrated. A checklist of the species of Neodurium is given and a key provided for their separation. The female genitalia of Neodurium species are described for the first time.     

The Maghreb – one more important biodiversity hot spot for tiger beetle fauna (Coleoptera,Carabidae, Cicindelinae) in the Mediterranean region

The tiger beetle fauna of the Maghreb region is one of the richest in the Palaearctic, including 22 species and 5 subspecies and 19% of all Palaearctic species of Cicindelinae. Assembled to their chorotypes, the Maghreb tiger beetles fall into eight different groups that include Maghreb endemics (26% of fauna), Mediterranean (7%), West Mediterranean (40%), North African (4%), Mediterranean-Westturanian (4%), West Palaearctic (4%), Afrotropico-Indo-Mediterranean (4%), and Saharian (11%) species. The Mediterranean Sclerophyl and Atlas Steppe are the Maghreb biogeographical provinces with the highest species richness, while the Sahara Desert has the lowest Cicindelinae diversity. Twenty-five cicindelid species and subspecies (93% of Maghreb fauna) are restricted to only one or two habitat types in lowland areas. Only Calomera littoralis littoralis and Lophyra flexuosa flexuosa are recognized as eurytopic species and occur in three types of habitat. The highest tiger beetle diversity characterizes salt marshes and river banks (in both cases 11 species and subspecies or 41% of Maghreb fauna). Approximately 85% of all Maghreb tiger beetle species and subspecies are found in habitats potentially endangered by human activity.     

A remarkable new Awas L?bl from southern China (Coleoptera,Staphylinidae, Pselaphinae)

A new distinctive species of the rare Oriental goniacerine genus Awas Löbl, Awas gigas sp. n., is described and illustrated, based on three males and fourteen females taken at the Daoyao Shan Natural Reserve in the southern Chinese province of Guangxi. All specimens were collected from colonies of the ant genus Pachycondyla F. Smith nesting in decomposing woods.     

A review of the omicrine genera Omicrogiton,Mircogioton and Peratogonus of China (Coleoptera,Hydrophilidae, Sphaeridiinae)

The Chinese species of the genera Omicrogiton Orchymont, 1919, Peratogonus Sharp, 1884 and Mircogioton Orchymont, 1937 are reviewed, diagnosed and keyed. Mircogioton and Omicrogiton are reported for the first time from China, Peratogonus for the first time for mainland China. Five species are recognized: Omicrogiton coomani Balfour-Browne, 1939 (Guangdong, Hongkong), Omicrogiton hainanensis sp. n. (Hainan), Omicrogiton roberti sp. n. (Hainan), Mircogioton coomani Orchymont, 1937 (Yunnan), and Peratogonus reversus Sharp, 1884 (Guangdong, Jiangxi, Taiwan). Lectotype of Omicrogiton coomani is designated. Mircogioton cognitus (Malcolm, 1981), syn. n. is considered a junior subjective synonym of Mircogioton coomani Orchymont, 1939. Species of Mircogioton and Omicrogiton inhabit decaying banana trunks, whereas Peratogonus reversus was always collected from moist forest leaf litter.     

中国东部南北样带典型针叶林土壤酶活性分布格局

选取中国东部南北样带不同气候区(寒温带、温带和亚热带)的针叶林作为研究对象,分析了多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶、几丁质酶以及β-葡萄糖苷酶活性的变化。结果表明,土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)、微生物生物量氮(MBN)含量从北到南依次减小,寒温带显著高于亚热带;土壤p H值在3个气候区差异显著,温带最高,亚热带最低。分解木质素的多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性不存在显著性差异;而与氮循环密切相关的几丁质酶活性表现为温带显著高于寒温带和亚热带;与碳循环密切的β-葡萄糖苷酶活性在温带最高,并显著高于亚热带地区。逐步回归分析表明,土壤MBN与p H值影响土壤几丁质酶活性,而土壤β-葡萄糖苷酶活性主要受p H的控制。研究认为,在中国东部南北样带针叶林中,土壤几丁质酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶活性存在显著性差异,而p H与MBN可能是影响土壤酶活性的主要因素。     

贵州山区3种木本植物无机碳利用特性的比较

以生长在喀斯特高原地区玉舍国家森林公园内的成熟银鹊树(Tapiscia sinensis)、白栎(Quercus fabri)和亮叶桦(Betula luminifera)为实验材料,通过对光合作用、叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光参数、羧化效率(CE)、呼吸速率(Resp)、碳酸酐酶活性(WA)以及稳定碳同位素组成(δ13 C)等指标的测定,分析3种植物不同的无机碳利用特性,为该区生态环境修复选择合适的建群植物种提供依据。结果显示:(1)银鹊树、白栎和亮叶桦分布都较为广泛,银鹊树生长的最佳土壤pH是4.5~5.5,而白栎更倾向于中性到弱酸性土壤,肥沃的酸性土壤则更有益亮叶桦生长;白栎和亮叶桦都能忍受干旱和贫瘠,但是银鹊树不能忍受干旱和高温。(2)银鹊树叶片的Pn、Tr和Gs显著大于白栎和亮叶桦,亮叶桦和白栎的Pn、Tr和Gs分别是银鹊树的69.5%、48.2%、66.7%和28.6%、21.7%、22.2%;亮叶桦叶绿素含量均为银鹊树和白栎的2倍,但3种植物间的WUE则无显著差异。(3)3个树种叶片净光合速率均随着CO2浓度升高呈持续上升的趋势,但它们之间的CO2补偿点和饱和点明显不同。其中,银鹊树和亮叶桦的CO2补偿点均低于50μmol·mol-1,而白栎的则在250~300μmol·mol-1之间;银鹊树的CO2饱和点在1 200μmol·mol-1左右,亮叶桦则在2 300μmol·mol-1左右,而白栎的CO2饱和点明显高于2 300μmol·mol-1。(4)3个树种的CE、Resp和WA均为银鹊树>亮叶桦>白栎;而δ13 C值则以银鹊树最低,亮叶桦和白栎较高。其中,白栎和亮叶桦的CE、Resp、WA分别为银鹊树的5.1%、25.7%、4.0%和45.3%、54.6%、6.8%,且树种间差异显著;白栎和亮叶桦的δ13 C值显著高于银鹊树。研究表明,银鹊树能够吸收大气中的CO2或者在高活性碳酸酐酶作用下转化利用细胞内的HCO3-,它拥有较高的CO2利用能力及无机碳同化效率,因而能够拥有较高的产能;亮叶桦只能获取大气中的CO2作为无机碳源,但它对CO2的利用能力也较高,其产能仅次于银鹊树;白栎同样只能获取大气中的CO2作为无机碳源,同时它对大气中CO2的捕获、利用能力均低于银鹊树和亮叶桦,因而白栎生长非常缓慢,造成其本身对无机碳的需求也最低,所以其产能最低。     

基于马尔科夫链模型的长江源区土地覆盖格局变化特征

利用长江源区1986、2000与2014年3期的遥感影像,结合实地野外考察获得该地区在这3个时间点的土地覆盖类型图。根据各时期之间的土地覆盖格局的变化确定土地类型之间的转移概率,进一步完成对该地区马尔科夫链模型的构建、检验与预测。结果表明:1986—2014年,长江源区的土地覆盖格局的变化特征符合马尔科夫过程,通过马尔科夫链模型能够对该地区的覆盖格局变化过程进行有效的模拟;长江源区的土地覆被退化趋势明显,湿地、中高覆盖草地等面积不断下降,裸地、沙地以及低覆盖草地等面积则一直在增加;2000年以后,由于三江源区自然保护区的建立以及降水量的增加等因素影响,长江源区的植被退化状况得到明显改善。     

南方稻田活性氮损失途径及其影响因素

基于文献数据,研究了南方不同稻区水稻生长期氧化亚氮排放(N₂O排放)、硝态氮或铵态氮淋洗(N淋洗)、硝态氮或铵态氮径流(N径流)、氨挥发(NH₃挥发)的差异及其影响因素.结果表明: N₂O排放、N淋洗和N径流主要发生在长江流域单季稻区,损失量分别为1.89、6.4和10.4 kg N·hm^-2,损失率分别为0.8%、3.8%和5.3%,较高施氮量和稻田土壤干湿交替可能是主要原因;NH₃挥发主要发生在华南晚稻,损失量和损失率分别为54.9 kg N·hm^-2和35.2%,晚稻生长期较高的温度可能是NH₃挥发较大的主要原因.田间优化管理措施减少某一途径氮损失的同时可能会增加另一种途径氮素损失,实际生产中应综合考虑田间管理措施对各种活性氮损失的影响,活性氮损失量随着水稻产量水平的提高而增加,主要是因为施氮量也在逐渐增加.随着氮肥偏生产力的增加,N₂O排放、N淋洗和N径流损失率逐渐下降,因此,努力减小单位产量的氮损失,是协同提高作物产量和氮肥利用效率的重要途径.